Barriers to the Integration of Circular Economy Principles by Agri-food Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Northern Benin

Abstract

In a context marked by increasing pressure on natural resources, environmental degradation, and the growing volume of waste generated by production systems, the circular economy has emerged as a strategic approach for promoting more sustainable production models, particularly within agri-food Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). However, the effective integration of its principles remains limited in many developing countries. This study analyzes the barriers to the integration of circular economy principles, based on the 6R framework, among agri-food SMEs in Northern Benin. Data were collected through a cross-sectional quantitative survey conducted among 288 SME managers randomly selected in the municipalities of Parakou, Djougou, Kandi, and Natitingou. Data collection was carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire administered face-to-face via KoboCollect. The integration of circular economy principles was measured using a composite score reflecting the application of the 6Rs, while perceived barriers were captured through five composite indices—technical, economic, social, regulatory, and environmental—validated using Cronbach’s alpha. The analysis combined descriptive statistics with a multiple linear regression model estimated using robust standard errors. The results indicate that technical and environmental constraints constitute the main barriers to the integration of circular practices, whereas social and regulatory constraints exert a positive and significant effect, highlighting the facilitating role of institutional and social interactions. Economic constraints do not appear to be statistically significant. The manager’s age and the use of digital tools positively influence the integration of circular principles, while urban location has a negative effect. Significant territorial disparities are also observed. These findings underscore the need for differentiated policy interventions focused on strengthening technical capacities, developing waste management infrastructure, and enhancing institutional support for SMEs, while also opening avenues for further research on territorial dynamics and adoption pathways of the circular economy.