Bulletin de la Recherche Agronomique du Bénin
Le Bulletin de la Recherche Agronomique du Bénin (BRAB) édité par l'Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin (INRAB) est un organe de publication créé en mai 1991 pour offrir aux chercheurs un cadre pour la diffusion des résultats de leurs travaux de recherche. Il accepte des articles originaux de recherche et de synthèse, des contributions scientifiques, des articles de revue, des notes et fiches techniques, des études de cas, des résumés de thèse, des analyses bibliographiques, des revues de livres et des rapports de conférence relatifs à tous les domaines de l’agronomie et des sciences apparentées, ainsi qu’à toutes les disciplines du développement rural. La publication du Bulletin est assurée par un comité de rédaction et de publication appuyés par un conseil scientifique qui réceptionne les articles et décide de l'opportunité de leur parution. Ce comité de rédaction et de publication est appuyé par des comités de lecture qui sont chargés d'apprécier le contenu technique des articles et de faire des suggestions aux auteurs afin d’assurer un niveau scientifique adéquat aux articles. La composition du comité de lecture dépend du sujet abordé par l'article proposé. Rédigés en français ou en anglais, les articles doivent être assez informatifs avec un résumé présenté dans les deux langues, dans un style clair et concis. Une note d'indications aux auteurs est disponible dans chaque numéro et peut être obtenue sur demande adressée au secrétariat du BRAB. Pour recevoir la version électronique pdf du BRAB, il suffit de remplir la fiche d'abonnement et de l'envoyer au comité de rédaction avec les frais d'abonnement. La fiche d'abonnement peut être obtenue à la Direction Générale de l'INRAB, dans ses Centres de Recherches Agricoles ou à la page vii de tous les numéros. Le BRAB publie par an -i- normalement deux (02) numéros en juin et décembre, -ii- mais quelquefois quatre (04) numéros en mars, juin, septembre et décembre, -iii- et aussi des numéros spéciaux mis en ligne le site web : https://brab.bj/. Pour les auteurs, une contribution de cinquante mille (50.000) Francs CFA est demandée par article soumis et accepté pour publication. L’auteur principal reçoit la version électronique pdf du numéro du BRAB contenant son article.
Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin (INRAB)
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Effect of management methods on the technical efficiency of local residents in the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in north-west Benin
The governance of a protected area shapes the way in which local farming communities perceive it and integrate it into their farming practices. The objective of the article was to evaluate the management methods of the Pendjari Reserve with regard to the use of inputs (chemical fertilisers) to preserve the Reserve. An evaluation approach based on the stochastic frontier function was used to assess the technical efficiency of three main crops (cotton, maize and soya) grown by 600 local residents. The results showed that inputs such as NPK fertiliser and insecticides have a positive and significant effect on productivity, particularly for cotton, suggesting that technical inefficiencies were low for cotton (0.001) and maize (0.007), but high for soya (6.878), suggesting that yield differences were often due to random factors. Community management of the park significantly improved farmers' technical efficiency, particularly for soya (p < 0.01), and marginally so for cotton and sorghum (p < 0.10). Community management of the park has a positive effect on efficiency. An alternative would be to adopt a hybrid model of delegated management to companies, supervised by community rules and bodies, in order to combine individual responsibility in the private sector with collective vigilance, which promotes a more efficient and sustainable use of resources. This will require strong involvement of the Village Associations for the Management of Wildlife Reserves in decision-making bodies and day-to-day management.
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Technical studies for the development of a 4.68 km stretch of road connecting the Tokan intersection to the Gro Market in the Municipality of Abomey-Calavi in Southern Bénin
The main objective was to assess the current conditions of a 4.68 km stretch of road connecting the Tokan intersection to the Gro Market in the Municipality of Abomey-Calavi, useful for a proposition of technical solutions and associated costs. The study included the collection of topographical, geometric, hydrological and hydraulic data through field surveys and documentary research. The topographical work served as a basis for the geometric studies defining the layout, the longitudinal and cross-sectional profile, as well as the volumes of materials required. Hydrological studies assessed rainfall and watershed characteristics to effectively manage surface water. Hydraulic studies had dimensioned the drainage network to prevent flooding. The results and technical solutions were discussed in detail, confirming the technical and financial feasibility of developing the section. A detailed financial estimate was carried out, including the costs of construction, materials and necessary infrastructure. The project is crucial to improve connectivity and stimulate economic development.
Functioning mode of semi-intensive fish farms in Benin: case of the aquaculture villages of Dangbo (Ouémé Department, South-East Benin)
The functioning of fish farming operations in the commune of Dangbo, located in the Ouémé Department in southern Benin, was analyzed to assess their performance level and sustainability. A field survey was conducted from June to September 2023 among 41 fish farmers across four districts of the commune using a semi-structured interview guide and direct observations. Water quality parameters, including temperature, dissolved oxygen, transparency, and pH of the ponds, were measured using appropriate instruments. The collected data were analyzed using the R software. The results showed that fish farming in Dangbo is predominantly practiced by men (85.37%), most of whom are over 40 years old and primarily engaged in agriculture. Among them, 55.26% have a primary education level and 24% are illiterate, although the majority have received training in fish farming. The most common production systems are excavated earthen ponds, non-drainable and supplied by groundwater, located in areas frequently flooded by the Ouémé River. Non-functional above-ground tanks and basins were observed in 9.76% and 4.88% of farmers, respectively. Two species Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia), present in all surveyed farms and Clarias gariepinus (African catfish), raised by 78.05% of farmers dominated in the explored farms. The main constraints identified include high input costs, limited access to quality fingerlings, insufficient technical support, and marketing difficulties, making the sector vulnerable and unsustainable. To improve sustainability, the recommendation is to strengthen farmers’ technical capacities, promote the use of local inputs, and facilitate access to financing. These measures must help to consolidate the profitability and resilience of fish farming operations in the commune of Dangbo.
Research on the ecology and impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity: a systematic literature review
The spread of species worldwide, previously governed by natural processes, is now largely influenced by globalization, trade development, and human movement. Some species become invasive, causing major concerns due to their negative impacts on natural ecosystems and biodiversity. This study employs a methodological approach combining bibliometric analyses and the PRISMA protocol. Using VOSviewer and R, we analyzed scientific literature on invasive alien species. Results reveal a sustained growth in scientific publications, reflecting researchers' increasing interest in this issue. However, a crucial observation emerges: most research is not integrated into national policies with concrete management measures. The results show a growing scientific focus on invasive species, indicating their significance as a research subject. Despite this academic attention, a critical gap exists between fundamental research and practical management strategies. An urgent need exists to bridge the divide between scientific research on invasive species and practical management programs at local, regional, and national levels. This approach is essential to safeguard biogeographical regions already impacted and preserve non-invaded areas.
Are non-ecological fishing practices in North-Western Benin the result of fishing policies?
The sustainable management of fishery resources is a major challenge for Benin. This contribution analyzes the interactions between fishing policies and the unsustainable practices of fishers in Benin, focusing on the Atacora department, particularly the commune of Toucountouna. The methodology combined documentary research, field surveys using questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews with 60 respondents. The data collected were analyzed using bar and frequency histograms, as well as pie charts. The results showed that fishing policies in Benin had evolved since independence toward more sustainable management, with the adoption of legislative texts and management plans. However, challenges persisted, such as a lack of institutional coordination and resources. In Atacora, artisanal fishing (51.67%) and traditional fishing (48.33%) were the dominant methods. The most commonly used techniques were collective recession fishing (53.33%) and traditional dry-season fishing (36.67%). Some practices, such as dam construction, had negative impacts on ecosystems. The main reasons for unsustainable practices were poverty, lack of economic alternatives, and limited access to sustainable technologies. The three quarters of fishers were aware of the negative impacts, but they persisted due to financial necessity. The study highlights the shared responsibility of actors (the State, communities, private sector, NGOs) in the transition toward sustainable fishing. Recommendations are made to strengthen governance, to support research, to promote aquaculture, to diversify economic activities, to raise stakeholder awareness and to establish incentives. In short, despite progress in public policies, major challenges persist in ensuring the sustainability of the fishing sector in Benin. Concrete actions and a multidimensional approach are necessary.
Effect of climate change adaptation strategies on the profitability of agricultural farms in the Commune of Materi in North-Western Bénin
Climate change threatens all sectors of socio-economic life in most countries around the world. The Beninese agricultural sector is already suffering from its adverse effects, which adaptation strategies help to mitigate. The present research aims to determine the effect of adaptation strategies on the economic profitability of agricultural farms in the Commune of Matéri, which is located in Northwestern Bénin. Data collection was conducted with a sample of 383 agricultural operators. Descriptive statistics, farm accounts, cost-benefit analysis, and a regression model estimated using the Ordinary Least Squares method based on the COBB-DOUGLAS production function were used in the data analysis. All producers adopted at least one of the 17 measures divided into five strategies to adapt to climate change. Agricultural production remained a profitable activity in Matéri despite climate change, as it generated a profit ranging between 150,165 F CFA/ha and 88,010 F CFA/ha depended on the type of adopted strategy. As for the cost-benefit ratio, it ranges between 0.79 and 1.48. The strategy that calls for sustainable land management is the most beneficial and the most adopted in the area. In terms of profit determinants, the cultivated area, experience in agriculture, access to education, and Sustainable Land Management are the variables on which farmers must focus their intervention.
Migration of antimony from virgin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into drinking water under various storage conditions: Implications for public safety and health in Benin
The increasing use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles for drinking water packaging raises concerns about the migration of potentially toxic elements such as antimony (Sb). The study aimed to evaluate the influence of temperature and storage duration on the migration of Sb from virgin PET bottles into tap water in Benin. The experiment involved twenty-one new 500 mL bottles filled with tap water and subjected to three thermal regimes (0-6 °C, 25 °C, and 50 °C) over a 90-day period. Analyses were conducted at day 0 (J0), day 60 (J60), and day 90 (J90) using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES, Thermo Fisher iCAP 6500). Each sample was microwave-digested following a standardized protocol, then analyzed for Sb quantification at a wavelength of 206.833 nm. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was established at 0.01 µg/L, and the regulatory reference value used for data interpretation was the European Union standard of 5 µg/L for drinking water. The results indicated that at 0-6 °C and 25 °C, no detectable migration occurred up to 90 days (≤ LOQ). In contrast, at 50 °C, the mean concentration increased from undetectable levels to 2.319 ± 0.023 µg/L at J60 and 5.812 ± 0.028 µg/L at J90, exceeding the European threshold. These findings confirm a strong temperature- and time-dependent behavior of Sb migration, consistent with previous studies reporting enhanced diffusion behavior from 50 °C onward. In conclusion, Sb migration remains negligible at refrigeration and ambient temperatures but becomes significant under prolonged thermal stress. These results support recommendations to avoid long-term storage of PET bottles in hot environments and highlight the need for further investigation into Sb diffusion kinetics under tropical conditions.
Local Food and Nutritional Health: A Study of Kotafon and Adja Culinary Praticies in Lokossa Municipality in Southwestern Bénin
The study aimed to enhance the value of local dishes from the Kotafon and Adja ethnic groups, with a view to improving the nutritional health of the population. Therefore, a survey was carried out among the Kotafon and Adja ethnic groups in the commune of Lokossa, in order to list the local dishes of these ethnic groups, and then evaluate their biochemical composition. The main results revealed a repertoire of 106 local foods, 45 of which were specific to the Kotafon and Adja ethnic groups. The nutritional value of six (6) of the most widely consumed dishes was assessed by measuring proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and dietary fiber, while vitamins (A, B1, B6, B12, C, D, E, K) and minerals (calcium, zinc, iron) were estimated using the FAO 2018 food composition table. These Yôyôê, Sin wé, Tonkloui, Vataa, Wôgo and Abotogoué dishes are rich in macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids), micronutrients (vitamins, minerals) and energy. Yôyôê (cowpea-based) is particularly rich in energy, lipids and vitamins A and E. Sin wé (made from moringa leaves) is rich in calcium, iron and vitamins B12, C and D. Tonkloui (made from corn) is rich in protein, carbohydrates and fiber. The study shows that consumption of these local dishes can help combat malnutrition, and that their use in everyday food and school canteens will be promoted to improve food security and public health.
Geometric, hydrological and hydraulic studies of a 1.822 km road section linking the Zogba-Gounli–Atchozoundji Public Primary School to Covè in Central Bénin
In Benin, the deteriorated condition of many unpaved rural roads significantly hinders population mobility, access to essential services, and local socio-economic development. In the municipality of Covè, this issue is particularly concerning during the rainy season when several roads become impassable and during the dry season, where dust severely affects the residents’ quality of life. The paper focuses on the technical study of a 1.822 km road section located in a strategic area of Covè, linking the Zogbo Gounli Public Primary School to the locality of Atchozoundji. The section is characterized by rugged terrain, a lack of functional drainage structures, and high susceptibility to erosion. To propose a sustainable and functional development solution, the study was structured around three technical components: geometric analysis of the road alignment, hydrological study of the contributing catchments, and hydraulic design of drainage structures. The adopted methodology relied on field observations, a collection of topographic, rainfall, and demographic data, and the application of current technical standards. The results led to the proposal of a realistic and locally adapted development plan, aimed at improving road usability, mitigating erosion risks, and ensuring efficient stormwater management. In the long term, the methodology developed in this study could be applied to other critical road sections within the municipality facing similar challenges. It thus provides a relevant foundation for developing a broader rural road rehabilitation program at the local level in Benin.
Problems of setting up a polygonation of construction studies with a GNSS receiver
Since the advent of GNSS receivers, new methods of operation have been put in place, many of which offer many advantages in several fields, particularly in construction projects. Despite these various advantages, some uncertainties are based on the use of GNSS receivers in the implementation of polygonation. The objective of the study was to define the problem of setting up a construction study polygonation with a GNSS receiver. Literature search, data collection, data processing, analysis and recommendation were the four steps in the methodological approach. The data collected show that it was indeed possible to set up a construction study polygonation with a GNSS receiver while respecting the tolerance standards accepted for projects. These results had accuracy of less than 1 cm compared to the survey with a total station. The study proposed to use static mode with a duration of 1 hour at each point in the absence of an internet connection for the use of NTRIP mode. The NTRIP mode was much faster, but was highly dependent on the availability of the internet connection. Both methods offer good accuracy compared to the total station placement method. The completion of this study offers a new option to set up construction study polygonation with a GNSS receiver in a much faster way.
Use of GIS for prospective mapping of police stations in the District of Abomey-Calavi in Southern Bénin
Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the Prospective Mapping of Police Stations in the Abomey-Calavi District. The study explored the use of digital technologies, particularly Geographic Information Systems (GIS), for the mapping, analysis, and spatial management of data related to police stations in the Abomey-Calavi district and aimed to optimize the management of these security infrastructures through the use of GIS tools. The methodology adopted combined both quantitative and qualitative data. A survey was conducted among 400 residents, all aged 18 years and above, from various neighbourhoods in the district. The objective was to collect information on the location of the district police station, its accessibility, the types of insecurity encountered, instances of victimization and residents’ perceptions of safety. Data from the General Population and Housing Censuses (RGPH) of 2002 and 2013 were also used. All collected data were processed and spatialized using GIS tools. The results revealed strong demographic growth with an annual growth rate of 4.5% from 2002 to 2013. The area of densely inhabited zones grew from 1995 to 2017 with an increase of nearly 75% over 22 years. In 1995, these areas accounted for 37.51% of the territory, with a population density estimated at 1,829 inhabitants/km². In terms of security, crime increased by nearly four times up to 2017. A decrease was recorded between 2018 and 2021, followed by a rise in 2022, and a slight decline again between 2022 and 2023. Despite this general downward trend, some neighbourhoods like Alédjo, Fandji, Kanzounkpa, Sèmè, and Tokpa-Zoungo continued to report a constant level of crime. Furthermore, 44% of respondents believed that the quality of security was fair, while 35% considered it to be fairly good. The police services remain generally inaccessible to a large portion of the district’s population.
Establishment of a reference framework for topometric auscultation of the third Cotonou Bridge in Southern Bénin
Geodetic monitoring of engineering structures is not often promoted in developing countries. However, its usefulness is increasingly perceived at a time when the first bridges of the colonial period are approaching their centenary. The main objective of the process was to set up a network of target points for the auscultation of the third Cotonou Bridge, a strategic structure for urban mobility and economic development in Bénin, built twenty years ago. Faced with the continuous dynamic and environmental stresses, a methodology has been developed to ensure three-dimensional monitoring of any deformations of the structure, thus guaranteeing its integrity and the safety of traffic in the long term. The approach adopted was based on the following three major axes: the selection of reference bollards outside the bridge's area of influence by ensuring their stability and the materialization of the auscultation points by guaranteeing their visibility and durability; the combined use of advanced geodetic techniques, including static GNSS and precision levelling, to obtain millimeter measurements; the establishment of a protocol of periodic measurements allowing early detection of structural anomalies. The results highlighted the effectiveness of the proposed methods for the monitoring of deformities. The 36 geodetic points, materialized by durable landmarks and validated by repeated measurement campaigns, constitute a reliable reference for the future auscultation of the bridge. Future directions include the adoption of innovative technologies that will increase the accuracy and frequency of measurements, reduce the duration of campaigns, and extend the reach of the monitoring network to other critical infrastructure.
Use of topographic data and GIS for the management of water flows for the development of lowlands in the Gnannandji watershed in the Centre of Bénin
Water management is a key condition for sustainable agricultural development in rural areas. In Ouèssè commune, central Benin, lowland areas have strong agroecological potential but remain underutilized due to topographic, pedological, and climatic constraints that hinder their rational development. The study explores the integration of topographic data and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze and to improve water flow management in the Gnannandji watershed. A methodology combining GNSS surveys, a 30-year rainfall study, field soil analyses, and simple hydrological modelling enabled the generation of thematic maps [slopes, runoff and DEM (Digital Elevation Model)] and the identification of priority intervention zones. Results showed high rainfall variability, a topography favouring runoff, and soils with low to medium permeability. Integrating these data into a GIS made it possible to prioritize interventions and propose appropriate structural works (bunds, drainage ditches and embankments). These findings demonstrate the relevance of a spatialized, integrated approach to promote sustainable water management and strengthen agricultural resilience.
Analysis of topographic surveys using a GNSS receiver and a drone equipped with a LiDAR sensor in the study of the Yagbé-Aholouyèmè road section and the railway bridge of Porto-Novo in Southern Bénin
The advent of drones and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) has significantly transformed topographic data collection, offering increased accuracy and efficiency compared to traditional methods. The study was based on aspects of topographic surveys by GNSS receiver and drone with onboard LiDAR sensors, such as data accuracy, survey time, conditions of use, associated costs, and material quality on a road located in the commune of Seme-Podji called the Yagbé-Aholouyèmè section and the Porto-Novo rail bridge in order to obtain data from GNSS receiver surveys and an orthophoto of the area concerned. The topographic data was mainly acquired using an eSurvey E800 GNSS receiver and a DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2 photogrammetric drone. For the Porto-Novo Bridge, additional data was collected using a Matrice 300 RTK drone equipped with a LiDAR sensor. Data processing involved Agisoft Metashape for the generation of orthophotos and DTMs, Surfer software for 3D surface models and Autocad-Covadis for longitudinal profiles of natural terrain. Ground control points (GCP) ensured accurate georeferencing. The results showed that the section had a critical slope and required rehabilitation work. With the drone photogrammetry technology, the surveys were accurate. When the drone was equipped with a lidar sensor, the surveys had very high accuracy. The study demonstrates the importance of using modern technologies for collecting and analyzing topographic data. It confirms that while drones are suitable for rapid and medium-scale surveys, the integration of GNSS remains essential for optimal accuracy at critical points, advocating a combined strategy for highly accurate and efficient topographic projects.
Influence of the choice of the altimeter surface on the precision of urban hydraulic models in a comparison between the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM08) and the geodetic network of Southern Bénin
In east-southern Benin's coastal urban areas, the reliability of elevation data remains a critical factor in the accuracy of hydraulic modelling for drainage and stormwater management. The objective of the study was to evaluate how the selection of vertical reference surfaces namely EGM08 and the Beninese National Geodetic Network (RNGB) affects key hydrological computations in the cities of Cotonou, Porto-Novo and Abomey-Calavi. Differential GNSS measurements were processed using two correction methods: geoid undulation from the EGM08 model and benchmarks from the national geodetic network. Corrected elevation data were used to compute hydraulic parameters including slope, time of concentration, and peak discharge using standard empirical formulas. Comparative analysis revealed notable discrepancies in elevation and simulated runoff volumes, particularly in large catchments where volume differences reached up to 12.4%, as opposed to less than 1.5% in smaller basins. EGM08-derived slopes tended to be underestimated compared to RNGB-based computations, which may lead to suboptimal infrastructure design. While the spatial consistency of the geoid undulation was generally confirmed, anomalies were observed near wetlands and low-lying zones. These findings highlight the limitations of global geoid models like EGM08 for localized, high-precision applications. The RNGB emerges as the most reliable vertical reference for hydraulic modelling in the region. However, its limited spatial coverage underscores the need to develop a refined local geoid and integrate advanced elevation technologies such as LiDAR or photogrammetry to enhance digital terrain models. Such improvements are essential for optimizing urban stormwater management and infrastructure planning in West African coastal cities.
Inventory of local agricultural by-products valorized in the production of larvae Hermetia illucens (L. 1758) in Southern Bénin
In order to inventory the local agricultural by-products used in the composition of the feedstock for the larval rearing (Hermetia illucens) in southern Bénin, a survey was conducted among 26 stakeholders, including 14 producers, nine fish farmers, and three resource persons. Data collection was carried out through instant surveys using the 'structured interview visits' method, supplemented by informal interviews. For this purpose, the Kobocollect application installed on a smartphone was used. Results revealed that 30 local agricultural by-products are used in the composition of the organic waste for the rearing of Black Soldier Fly maggots (BSFL). Based on their origin, these by-products were categorized into the following five groups : Offal leftovers ; Mixed or unmixed agricultural co-products ; Animal waste ; Food residues ; Alcoholic beverage derivatives. Several factors were considered by BSFL producers when choosing these by-products. These included their physicochemical quality (protein and lipid content, texture, odour, colour, moisture content), their productivity (amount of BSFL), their availability, and their cost. The utilization of these by-products in the production of LMSN contributes to environmental sanitation through the recycling of certain organic waste and the development of ecological and sustainable aquaculture.
Synthèse des missions du Représentant Permanent Adjoint du Burkina Faso à Rome auprès de la FAO, du FIDA et du PAM
The paper assesses the mandate of the Deputy Permanent Representative of Burkina Faso to FAO, IFAD, and WFP between 2015 and 2020, using the SOSRA method. The mandate took place in a challenging national context marked by food insecurity, the climate crisis, and security instability. The main objective was to represent the country's interests, negotiate financing aligned with national priorities and contribute to strengthening coordination between UN agencies. The assessment presents mixed results. Successes include significant resource mobilization for resilience programs, effective advocacy to target vulnerable regions, and improved agency coordination. Major challenges included administrative burdens and mismatches between overall strategies and field needs. The experience was marked by an emotional duality—between pride in contributing to national development and frustration with the slowness of administrative processes and the magnitude of systemic challenges. The analysis highlights the crucial importance of informal diplomacy, appropriate communication, and recognition of the limitations of the project-based approach in the face of challenges requiring systemic solutions. The report recommends to 1) strengthen collaborative monitoring between Rome and Ouagadougou, 2) train diplomats in multilateral negotiation, 3) develop proactive communication and 4) capitalize on successes for future advocacy. Despite a complex context, the mandate enables significant progress. The lessons learned should be used to strengthen the effectiveness of Burkinabe representation within UN agencies.
Seasonal shifts in diet diversity and habitat selection of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Pénéssoulou Classified Forest in north-west Benin
Understanding seasonal shifts in mammal diet and how this determines their foraging behaviour is critical for wildlife management. We assessed the seasonal variations in diet diversity and habitat selection of the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) using an interdisciplinary approach combining surveys, line-transect distance sampling and micrographic analysis. We hypothesized that (i) Buffalo select their habitat according to the seasons, preferring habitats that offer greater availability of food resources; (ii) In the dry season, the buffalo adopt a more diversified diet due to the scarcity of resources, while in the rainy season, they are more selective and mainly feed on abundant grass species. Findings reveal that Buffalo had more attraction for gallery forests (0.89 ± 0.30, p = 0.003), tree savannahs (0.88 ± 0.31, p = 0.006), and wood savannahs (1.59 ± 0.38, p < 0.001) during the dry season, while they showed less preference for grasslands (-0.65 ± 0.29, p = 0.027) which support the first hypothesis. They grazed on a greater diversity of plant species in the dry season (22 species) compared to the rainy season (16 species) supporting the second hypothesis. Conservation strategies must prioritize protecting and restoring savannah landscapes and gallery forests, which provide critical habitat during the dry season, the most resource-constrained period. Additionally, managing grazing pressure and preventing habitat degradation in the dry season when buffalo depend on a wider array of plant families and a more varied diet will be essential for sustaining healthy buffalo populations.
Evaluation of the quality of eggs from local and exotic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) raised in southern Benin
The quality of turkey eggs is strongly influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The objective of the study was to compare the quality of eggs from local and exotic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) raised in southern Benin under the same conditions. Five fresh eggs were collected per day and per turkey breed over a period of eight weeks on a random basis. Data were collected on the internal and external physical parameters of these eggs, as well as on their sensory characteristics. The eggs of the exotic breed had significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight, size, edible fraction and Haugh units than those of the local breed. On the other hand, local turkey eggs were distinguished by a thicker shell and superior sensory quality, particularly in terms of odour and flavour, especially in the yolk (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in shape index between the two breeds. Furthermore, no significant (p > 0.05) difference was observed in shell thickness between the two breeds. In the local breed, the egg white had a better appearance than the egg yolk, while the opposite was observed in the exotic breed (p < 0.05). In both breeds, the yolk had a stronger odour, a more intense flavour, a softer texture and a more appreciated sensory quality than the egg white. The difference between the internal and external physical qualities of local and exotic turkey eggs is an asset for the development of the poultry industry in Benin.
Valorization of fertile egg yolk from guinea fowl and turkey in the larval rearing of Clarias gariepinus
Eggs are foods rich in protein and energy. The study examines the use of fertile guinea fowl and turkey egg yolk in the larval rearing of Clarias gariepinus. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of turkey and guinea fowl fertile egg yolks on zootechnical and survival performances on the larval stage of Clarias gariepinus. The experimental design was a Fisher randomized complete block of three treatments with three replicates. The test was carried out in 09 rectangular aquariums of 20 liters of volume. The stocking density was 10 larvae/liter. Three experimental diets were tested and consisted of the control treatment (TT) used the imported feed "MeM prime," a treatment containing guinea fowl egg yolk (TP), and a treatment containing turkey egg yolk (TD). The duration of the experiment was 12 days. The larvae were fed to apparent satiation 5 times a day. At the end of the experiments, the zootechnical and feed utilization parameters varied according to the treatments (P < 0.05). The biomass gain varied from 1,026.67 ± 26.67 (TP) to 1,993.33 ± 6.67 mg (TT). The same trend was observed with the final biomass, which varied from 2,033.33 ± 33.33 (TP) to 3,000.00 ± 5.77 mg (TT). The survival rate varied according to the treatments (P < 0.05). No significant difference (P ˃ 0.05) was observed between the control treatment and the TP treatment. But a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between the TD treatment and the other treatments (TP and TT). The survival rate varied between 47.33 ± 1.45 (TP) and 63.00 ± 3.22% (TD). Therefore guinea fowl and turkey fertile egg yolks are potential economically profitable and accessible feeds for the larval breeding of Clarias gariepinus
Social and economic impact of the farmers supporting project to improve farming practices and market access of pine growers in the plateau of Allada in Southern Benin
The pineapple sector, a flagship crop of the Benin government action plan, has limitations in its compliance with international standards which affect its competitiveness. The project "Support for the improvement of agricultural practices and market access for pineapple farmers of Allada plateau in Benin south " aimed to improve the socioeconomic conditions of pineapple farmers by upgrading agricultural practices to better access to international markets. This study aimed to assess the impact of the project on agricultural practices, market access, and the socioeconomic conditions of pineapple farmers. The study focused on 50 selected affiliated to Blues Skies Benin. Data was collected using the Kobo Toolbox application. Direct and semi-direct interviews were the main technics used. The data were processed with Excel software and statistical analyses were performed with R software. A baseline study and an impact assessment were conducted to analyze progress. These results in a basic situation characterized by the poor of good agricultural practices at various levels, poor knowledge of standards (2%), poor access to international markets such as European, Asian and American, mixed membership of farmers’ organization (44%) and high link to the local market as Dantokpa (100%) and Nigeria (74%). Based on this reference, the impact assessment of the project was carried out after two years of implementation over the period from March 2023 to March 2025 and show improvements in agricultural practices through land fertilization and floral induction technic, average plant density/hectare and pest management. Significant progress was also observed in terms of membership in an organization (80%), knowledge of standards (100%) and access to international markets (100%). These various advances have impacted the economic gain of producers whose income increased from 68,650 FCFA to 168,600 FCFA. In general, the project allows producers in the pineapple chain value to open up to new approaches of production and sales while respecting international market standards with a view to improving their socio-economic conditions.
Optimization of Encapsulation-Dehydration Technique for In Vitro Survival and Regeneration of Apical and Axillary Buds of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivated in Benin
Encapsulation–dehydration is a technique used in cryotherapy aimed at preserving plant tissues. The study evaluated the impact of saccharose concentration, temperature, and incubation time on the survival and in vitro regeneration of the apical and axillary buds of two cassava accessions cultivated in Benin. The method employed is based on the use of calcium alginate, saccharose, and low temperatures. An analysis of variance as well as a binary logistic regression were performed. The results revealed that the water loss of explants, as well as their survival and regeneration, varied significantly depending on saccharose concentration, incubation duration, and temperature (P < 0.0001). Regardless of the type of explants and the accession, a concentration of 1.5 M saccharose led to a water loss greater than 70% in apical and axillary buds. The highest survival rate was observed with explants treated with 0.75 M saccharose, with axillary buds of accession 1 showing the best resilience. A short incubation of 5 hours at 4°C was identified as the optimal condition to maximize survival and regeneration of explants. At -20°C, limited regeneration is observed, particularly in the apical buds of accession 2 (40%). A short exposure (05 h) at -20°C allowed limited regeneration, especially for the apical buds of accession 2 (40%). After 05 h at -20°C, regeneration is low in apical buds (10% for accession 1 and 40% for accession 2) and becomes almost null after 10 hours, except for the apical buds of accession 1 (20%). These results provide valuable insights for optimizing crucial information for the in vitro encapsulation–dehydration technique in order to sanitize cassava varieties infected by cassava phytopathogens, particularly viruses.
Determinants of land dynamics and population perception in the Adjarra-Avrankou doublet in Southeastern Bénin
Rapid population growth has intensified competition for land, resulting in reduced arable areas and growing pressure on land use. As a major production factor, land has fostered strong relationships among stakeholders, reflecting diverse strategies, practices, and complex interactions of determining factors. The methodological approach combined documentary research, field surveys, and data analysis. To better capture the determinants of land dynamics, a correspondence factor analysis (CFA) was applied. Results showed that demographic pressure (28.22%) and subdivision (27.80%) were the most influential factors, while environmental quality (15.17%) and spatial planning (14.48%) also played significant roles. These findings underscore the need for sustainable and inclusive land governance to balance socio-economic development and environmental preservation.
Optimization of a Californian Irrigation System in Bamè, Zagnanado in south-eastern Benin: Assessment of the water requirements for maïze, vegetable and grain legume crops
Population growth and climatic hazards are major challenges for agriculture and food security. Irrigation, when managed effectively, can serve as a viable solution for addressing the growing demand for food. The objective of the study was to optimise the use of a Californian irrigation system, currently under construction necessary for the production of market garden crops, pulses and maize in the Bamè Lowland. To achieve this, crop water requirements and irrigation doses were quantified and an irrigation schedule was developed for plots of 2,500 m². The methodology employed encompassed a comprehensive review of relevant documents, the collection of data on climate, soil characteristics, and crop cultivation practices, and the calculation of irrigation parameters utilising the water balance method. The study identified the peak water requirements as 218 mm for tomatoes and 198 mm for peppers, which occurred in January during the mid-season. For groundnuts, the water requirements were determined to be 134 mm in November (back season), 98 mm in June for maize (mid-season), and 12 mm in August for soya. Notably, the latter crop did not require watering in May, June and July, the first months of its cycle. The total requirement for the 37.6 hectares of crops is 660 mm, equivalent to 6,600 m³/ha, distributed across January, June, August and November.
Irrigation scheduling and application rates
Efficacy of diatomite and kaolin in aqueous formulation for the control of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), Hellula undalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cabbage in Southern Bénin
Cabbage production in South-Benin is limited. by insect pests, whose damage can result in total crop loss. Furthermore, the chemical pesticides used by producers to control these pests are not without danger to humans and the environment. This study was conducted to reduce the misuse of these chemical pesticides and offer sustainable alternatives to market gardeners. The objective is to evaluate the effect of diatomite and kaolin on the main pests and the productivity of cabbage. Two doses and two application frequencies were tested for diatomite and kaolin on the population dynamics of H. undalis and P. xylostella caterpillars and cabbage productivity. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block design with four replicates and ten treatments, including two controls (absolute and relative). The results showed that regardless of the dose and frequency of application, diatomite and kaolin significantly reduced (P = 0.000) the population of P. xylostella and H. undalis and significantly improved cabbage yield (P = 0.0015). A reduction in yield losses of 50 to 80% was recorded with weekly application of the materials. However, neither material was able to control infestation by L. erysimi. This study shows that weekly application of diatomite and kaolin made it possible to better control the two main caterpillars that attack cabbage crops and to reduce cabbage yield losses by more than half in southern Benin.
Valorization of palm kernel fibre in the diet of weaned piglets in Bénin
Fibres are recognised for their nutritional value and beneficial effects on intestinal health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the value of palm kernel fibre (PKF) in the diet of weaned piglets. Forty-eight hybrid piglets aged 42 to 63 days, including 24 females and 24 males, were divided into four dietary treatments of 12 animals per treatment, with three replicates of four piglets per replicate. The animals in each treatment group were fed ad libitum with a control diet (0% PF) and three experimental diets containing 5%, 10% and 15% PF, respectively. Data were submitted to analysis of variance using R software version 3.6.2 (R Core Team, 2019). The results showed that feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost were significantly (P < 0.05) different in favour to T10 (10%PF). Live body weight and weight gain were similar in all treatments, but piglets in the T10 had the highest live body weight and weight gain. Palm kernel fibre can therefore be used in growing pig feed at 10%. The use of palm kernel fibre can be a suitable bio-economic and environmental strategy to balance fibre types and support the health of the piglets' maturing digestive system.
Influence of agroecological practices on soil fertility in the Savanes region of Northern Togo
In the Savanes region of Northern Togo, several agroecological practices and field types are encountered. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of these practices and field types of soil fertility parameters and soil carbon and nitrogen stocks. Six combinations of practices and eight field types were involved. For agroecological practices, soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm to determine soil parameter levels. For field types, samples were taken from 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm to determine carbon and nitrogen stocks. Soil pits were described at the level of agroecological practice. The results show that the carbon (C%) and nitrogen contents (N%) of the agroecological practices [Cordons Pierreux_Fumure Organique_Association and/or rotation (CP_FO_A/R: 0.630; 0.057), Bandes enherbées_Fumure Organique_Association and/or rotation (BE_FO_A/R: 0.442; 0.050), Association and/or rotation (A/R: 0.516; 0.042) et Fumure Organique_Association and/or rotation (FO_A/R: 0.456; 0.048)] were statistically higher than those of non-agroecological practices [monocultures of Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor (Mono_Cer: 0.331; 0.025) and permanent rice cultivation (Riz_Per: 0.334; 0.023)]. For the other parameters (Assimilable Phosphorus, Exchangeable Potassium, Exchangeable Sodium, Cationic Exchange Capacity, pHwater, pHKCl), levels were statistically identical. In terms of field types, C stocks were higher in hut fields with organic manure (CCsFO) and bush fields cultivated under cowpeas [Parkia Biglobosa (CBN) (8.27 t.ha-1; 9.22 t.ha-1) on 0-5 cm and (36.44 t.ha-1; 30.25 t.ha-1) on 0-30 cm. The C stocks of bush fields with and without organic manure (CBr; CBrFO)], lowland fields with manure and alluvial terrace fields (CTA) were lower. The agroecological practices, organic manuring and agroforestry have a positive effect on soil fertility and soil carbon storage in the Savanes region of Northern Togo.
Characterization of the different types of agrosystems in the Commune of Aplahoué in South-Eastern Bénin
In tropical African countries, agrosystems reflecting agro-ecological and social realities are very varied. The objective of the research was to characterize the different types of agrosystems in the commune of Aplahoué in the south-east of Benin. A survey of the agricultural landscape through floristic inventories using the linear survey method at the scale of farm management sectors in order to determine the different types of agrosystems in the area and a socio-cultural characterization of the agrosystems were carried out through a semi-structured interview with 305 farmers whose farms were visited. The socio-agricultural investigations are conducted through interviews with the different actors and direct observations. The results revealed the existence of a diversity of agrosystems in the commune of Aplahoué. These are monocultural agrosystems (58%), polycultural (86.48%) and particular (38.89%). The agricultural production system wais vulnerable to hydro-climatic risks such as pockets of drought, high temperature, late start of rains and poor distribution of rains which negatively impacted the development of crops. To mitigate the impacts recorded, the resilience strategies adopted by producers consisted of anticipating the sowing period, making repeated, staggered and early sowings, adopting new varieties of crops and taking measures to strengthen the capacity of producers, then performing rituals to ward off bad spells in order to improve agricultural production in the commune of Aplahoué. However, they continue to face serious difficulties which are also material and financial to which urgent solutions must be found.
Ethno veterinary practices of cattle breeders in the Commune of Kalalé in North-Eastern Bénin
In Benin, meat and milk obtained from animal farming are largely dependent on the bovine species. Like other animal species, cattle face a multitude of conditions that cause their productivity to drop. The control of these affections is focused not only on the use of synthetic products but also on the use of locally available medicinal plants. The objective of the study was to inventory the bovine affections subject to phytotherapy as well as the medicinal plants used for this purpose. The information was collected using a survey form from 125 breeders randomly selected from four districts in the Commune of Kalalé in North-Eastern of Bénin. From the results of the analysis of data from the survey, it appeared that 87.20% of cattle breeders expressed interest in phytotherapy for the control of diseases of the cattle herd. A total of 39 medicinal plants were mentioned for the treatment of digestive and respiratory ailments, foot infections, agalactia as well as external parasitosis. Digestive troubles were the most dominant and were constantly controlled thanks to plants such as Parkia biglobosa, Momordica charantia, Khaya senegalensis, Capsicum annuum, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Cassia siebericena. The leaves (43.05%) and the bark (33.18%) represented the organs most used for the formulation of recipes. Administered mainly orally, the powder (29.88%) represented the main method of preparing recipes for the extraction of bioactive molecules. The study makes it possible to develop of phytotherapeutic knowledge used for the care of cattle. Biological tests will allow us to better understand the real potential of the plants mentioned for their development.
Assessment of risk factors associated with the spread of the Rabbit Viral Haemorrhagic Disease outbreak between 2021 and 2024 in Bénin
The rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease (VHD) is a major viral infection that has negatively impacted rabbit farm productivity in Benin for several years. To assess the factors associated with the occurrence of cases in rabbit farms during the recent epidemics of 2021 to 2024 in southern Benin, a case-control study was conducted in six municipalities in the affected area. A total of 100 rabbit farmers aged over 18 years and residing in the targeted municipalities were interviewed using a digital questionnaire on Kobotoolbox. Rabbit farming was the main activity of 53% of the farmers interviewed, with an average herd size of 57 rabbits. A significant proportion of the study participants (68%) had more than 5 years of experience in rabbit farming, while coccidiosis and scabies were the most common health problems in 53% and 45% of farms, respectively. The rabbits were mainly raised in semi-modern buildings (69%) and were fed commercial feed plus fodder in 64% of the farms. More than half of the respondents did not have footbaths at the entrance to the farm buildings (57%), and 74% of farms had outsiders accessing the farm buildings. Once VHD cases were reported, most farmers did not adopt any strategy to stop the spread of infection to other animals on the farm. In terms of risk factors, the incidence of VHD was 2.6 times higher on farms where systematic hand washing before handling rabbits was not practised (OR=2.67; P=0.04). In addition, VHD was 3.27 times more frequent in farms where other animal species had access to the farm buildings (OR=3.27; P=0.013). To mitigate these risks and protect rabbit herds, it is necessary to promote good hygiene, biosecurity, and vaccination practices.